The antiquity of this breed is proven by the art and sculpture of ancient dynasties of China. The earliest known record of the Peke dates back to the Tang Dynasty of the 8th century. Even then the breed was fully established in type, indicating that it had been around for a long time before that date.

In ancient times the Peke was considered sacred and the theft of, or injury to, one of these animals which were bred pure and kept only by the imperial family, was punishable by death. The term, "sleeve dog", appended to very small toy dogs, originated in China and meant specifically a Pekingese, tiny enough to be carried around in the voluminous sleeves of the members of the imperial household. A particula strain with golden red coats were called "Sun Dogs".

Another term, "Lion Dog" has been used in reference to the Peke. The official parent club explanation of this appellation is that it refers to the breed's lion-like appearance, but alternatively, it could be in praise of the Peke's characteristic courage and combativeness, characteristics that typical specimens certainly possess in abundance. These little toy dogs will attach a Great Dane upon lthe least provocation and will never quit even in the face of impossible odds. They also have stamina and boldness not usually associated with toy breeds.

Pekingese were first exhibited in England in 1893 and in America, the parent club for this breed became a member of the AKC in 1909. Pekes are regal, independent, not aggressive, but absolutely fearless and make excellent companions.